quinta-feira, 7 de setembro de 2017

Mapa do Estado de São Paulo Indicando a Posição das Colônias Existentes e em Projeto, Revista "O Immigrante N. 1", 1908, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

 
Mapa do Estado de São Paulo Indicando a Posição das Colônias Existentes e em Projeto,  Revista "O Immigrante N. 1", 1908, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil
São Paulo - SP
Mapa


Com a entrada do século XX iniciava-se um novo ciclo imigratório de grande intensidade, principalmente de japoneses, alemães, italianos e espanhóis. Toda uma estrutura estava montada para recebê-los no porto de Santos e encaminhá-los diretamente às fazendas de café e outras áreas de colonização no interior paulista e de outros estados sulinos.
Em janeiro de 1908, a Secretaria da Agricultura do Estado de São Paulo lançou a publicação mensal “O Immigrante”, em português, espanhol, francês, inglês, italiano, alemão, polonês e letão antigo, com fotos feitas no percurso dos imigrantes desde o porto santista até as fazendas e colônias interioranas.
O mapa acima é parte integrante dessa publicação.

Crisântemos (Chrysanthemums) - Claude Monet




                                                         
Crisântemos (Chrysanthemums) - Claude Monet
Metropolitan Museum of Arts Nova York Estados Unidos
OST - 100x81 - 1882

An avid gardener, Monet produced some twenty floral still lifes between 1878 and 1883, garnering both critical and commercial success. This painting was exhibited together with the Museum’s Bouquet of Sunflowers at the Galerie Durand-Ruel in Paris in 1883 and again with the avant-garde artists’ circle Les XX in Brussels in 1886.


Flores (Flores) - Catharina Klein

                                                           
Flores (Flores) - Catharina Klein
Coleção privada
OST - Cartão Postal

Flores (Flores) - Catharina Klein

                                                           

Flores (Flores) - Catharina Klein
Coleção privada
OST - Cartão Postal

A seguir um belo texto sobre Catharina Klein que encontrei na internet (em inglês):
That’s what they were, hanging from a thorny branch like paper lanterns. I found the postcard in a thrift store in Elyria, Ohio in 1971 and bought it because a college friend grew a variety of this once common fruit called Pixwell. But it was the card’s design that intrigued me most. The fruit was painted realistically, and yet with style. I loved it.
Thirty-five years passed.
My postcard collecting was in fits and starts with multi-year intervals of quiet. I bought a house with a yard, became interested in roses, and once again dragged down my collection to see what flower cards I owned. The Internet became a source of new cards at reasonable prices. By searching for roses, I found and bought several bearing the “C. Klein” signature. They were, by far, the most breathtaking roses I’d ever seen painted and they were on postcards.
Simple searches for “C. Klein” produced more and more examples of her astonishing output: flowers, birds, butterflies, fruit, and still lifes – all displaying her characteristic inventiveness. I found conflicting information about her though, so I wrote to libraries in Germany for some facts on this phenomenal person whose work seemed to be everywhere but whose life is nearly forgotten.
“C. Klein,” her trademark signature, stands for Catharina Klein. She is also referred to as Catherine Klein, but that’s not a name she ever used herself. Publishers anglicized her name during World War I to avoid any disinclination against buying her work becasue she was a German national and enormously popular on our side of the trenches. She is sometimes wrongly referred to as “Christine.” Her signature, “C. Klein” usually accompanies her work, especially in those postcards and prints closest to the original paintings, which were in oil or gouache, an opaque watercolor. If her signature is underlined, it’s an indication of an earlier work. Klein rode the crest of chromolithography at the end of the 19th and into the 20th century. Millions of copies of her paintings were made. They appeared in book illustrations, on calendars, advertisements, bookmarks, and postcards. They were put on stencils and fired onto tea cups. They were converted into patterns and embroidered onto pillow cases.
Catharina Klein was born in 1861 in Eylau, East Prussia, a town now called Bagrationovsk in Kalinigrad, a part of the Russian Federation on Poland’s northeast border. (It is actually separated by the Baltic States from Mainland Russia.) Its population couldn’t have been more than 3,500 or so when she was a child, thus making her quite well acquainted with rural life and the subject matter she would so beautifully capture on canvas and paper.
Catharina Klein moved to Berlin where she studied at the vocational school. In her earliest days, she exhibited at various shows and her paintings proved popular among the German nobility. Prophetically, one of her paintings was exhibited as part of the Columbia Exhibition in Chicago in 1893 when she was 32. (The Columbia Exhibition is often heralded as the catalyst of the postcard craze.) Klein became one of the most respected and popular still life painters of all time. She captured the essence of her subject matter and made it appealing on a 3 1/2-inch by 5 1/2-inch card.
Occasionally, an early oil painting will come to a German auktionhaus. During the past 10 years, I found documentation on only three original paintings for sale. All listed for less than $1,000. Also on the market, and listed as being hers, were several copies of her works done by students, which are clearly inferior and only have value as curiosities.
A popular teacher, Klein also ran a studio in Berlin and trained young women how to paint. In 1911, she published two short books: one on how to paint fruit, the other flowers. She was a single woman from the country in a male dominated world and she earned her living through her talent which was a remarkable feat for that period. She died in Berlin in 1929.
Ever industrious and clearly in demand, Catharina Klein submitted paintings to several publishers. According to Don Barnard’s encyclopedic work “Catharina Klein: A Postcard Catalogue” published in 1998, Klein painted more than 2,250 different still life images and had 75 major publishing companies, and several smaller ones, producing her work. Her best paintings appear on cards printed by Meissner & Buch of Leipzig. She was their star, accounting for 20 percent of their total output creating about 1,000 different works for them. Meissner & Buch used good card stock and expensive ink, which is why many of these 100-year-old pieces of paper are still in excellent condition. Quality cards also came from the large printing firm of G.O.M. (Obpacker Brothers, Munich), a couple of Swiss firms, several other German firms, and Adolphe Tuck of London. (Adolphe and his father Rafael were Germans prospering in England and had no problem securing Klein’s work from the Fatherland.)
Once her paintings were delivered and she was paid, the publishers could do what they wished with her work and often resold them to other publishers. This accounts for why the same design was produced by different publishers. Many printers often embellished her work by altering the backgrounds, embossing the image, giving it a linen finish, or printing just an enlarged detail of the original work. The larger her signature is in proportion to the card, the greater the likelihood that the card depicts only a detail of a painting.
Much of Klein’s work appeared prior to 1906 when the reverse side of a postcard was intended for the address only. The message appeared on the front. Her artwork was often printed to one side to leave room for a message or, with work intended to be printed on a postcard, Klein displayed phenomenal ingenuity by creating designs with open spaces for a message. After 1906, postcard backs had space available for both a message and an address, thus leaving the beautiful front, unmarred by handwriting. Actually, handwriting on a pre-1906 C. Klein card is considered normal and doesn’t affect the price too much.
Chromolithography allowed publishers to manipulate the original art; take figs from one design, for instance, and a crock from another, overprint them on yet another design and come up with a new piece of art to sell. The card was recognizable as work by the artist. In Klein’s case, these bizarre concoctions can be spotted because the components are out of proportion to one another. Usually, the light is also wrong. Aware of this practice, Klein frequently placed her signature close to her subject matter (instead of at a bottom corner which could easily be omitted in reproductions). Like all great artists, Klein knew how good she was and a signature appearing on every work contributed to her self-promotion. If a postcard looks like her work but doesn’t have a signature, be skeptical. Most have one.
Klein’s gouache paintings exist now only on postcards, calendars, and advertisements. Where are the originals? The scarcity today of such a vast output may be due to the two world wars. Several warehouses which may have contained Klein’s originals in London, Berlin, and Leipzig were burned to the ground during these conflicts.
Klein also had an avid following among amateur painters, many of whom used her flower and fruit paintings as models for their efforts at painting plates. As late as 1970, The China Decorator magazine was still publishing her advice on what paints to use to achieve various effects, such as the transparency of grapes. Occasionally, a hurricane lamp or dish will turn up with her signature on it. I’ve found no documentation that she ever used glass or porcelain as her canvas.
Sadly, in the 1950s, an investigation of her grave site took place. As no relatives were known to have visited her and the art establishment (whoever they were) decided she wasn’t significant enough to have her grave preserved, they dug her up and destroyed the remains so that someone else might be buried in her spot.
Even more tragic, several buyers of her postcards today cut them up to make jewelry, scrapbooks, or decoupage wall hangings, thus destroying what could be the only remaining copy of this brilliant artist’s work. Admittedly, some Klein designs are ubiquitous but others are quite rare.
Recent auctions of her cards have fetched close to the $250 mark. Most, however, can still be had for under $20. Catharina Klein is a postcard collector’s dream, or nightmare, depending on one’s success rate at acquiring complete sets of her creations. I know from personal experience, having just 25 of the 26 letters of her flower alphabet escalated my willingness to spend serious money when that missing “Z” finally came on the market!
Klein painted real life subject matter. In doing so, she unintentionally documented examples of fruits and flowers grown during her lifetime, varieties we now consider heirlooms.
Which brings me back to the gooseberries. My original card bore no signature. It was printed in America, postmarked 1919, and was most likely a copy of a copy of a copy of the original. Turns out, it originally came from Meissner & Buch, Series 1287, Fruchtspenden (“A Donation of Fruit”). Its set mates were plums, blackberries, and cherries, arranged similarly. Imagine my thrill when, after all these years, I realized those sentimental gooseberries that I liked years ago came from the hand of a person I now admire so much, the great Catharina Klein.

quarta-feira, 6 de setembro de 2017

Sertão (Sertão) - Cândido Oliveira

                                                         
Sertão (Sertão) - Cândido Oliveira
Coleção privada
OST - 60x80

Rosas (Roser) - Anna Syberg

                                                             
Rosas (Roser) - Anna Syberg
Coleção privada
Aquarela sobre papel - 60x74 - 1902


Anna Louise Birgitte Syberg (7 January 1870, Faaborg – 4 July 1914, Copenhagen) was a Danish painter who, together with her husband Fritz Syberg, was one of the Funen Painters (Fynboerne) who lived and worked on the island of Funen. She is remembered for her lively watercolours of flower arrangements.
Anna Syberg attended the technical school in Faaborg after which she studied painting under Ludvig Brandstrup and Karl Jensen in Copenhagen. In 1882, she met Fritz Syberg who was serving an apprenticeship as a house painter with her father Peter Syrak Hansen. The two quickly fell for each other and after Anna had spent a period decorating porcelain at the Royal Copenhagen factory, they married in 1894 and set up home in the little village of Svanninge, just north of Faaborg. In 1902, they moved to Pilegården near Kerteminde, also on the island of Funen, where Anna became a close friend of Johannes Larsen, another member of the Fynboerne group of artists. From 1910 to 1913, the family spent three years at Pisa in Italy.
From 1898, Anna Syberg exhibited at Charlottenborg and in 1912 her works were presented at Den Frie Udstilling. She was frequently a model for her husband and appears in several of his works. During her lifetime, she received little recognition for her work, often being referred to as a flower painter. This was probably due to the fact that it was difficult for women artists to enter what was essentially a men's world.
The sister of artist Peter Hansen, Anna Syberg was the mother of several children including the artist Ernst Syberg and the composer Franz Syberg.

La Belle Époque (La Belle Époque) - Angelina Drumaux

                                                 
La Belle Époque (La Belle Époque) - Angelina Drumaux
Coleção privada
OST - 63x51




A Belle Époque (expressão francesa que significa bela época) foi um período de cultura cosmopolita na história da Europa, que começou no fim do século XIX, com o final da Guerra Franco-Prussiana, em 1871, e durou até a eclosão da Primeira Guerra Mundial, em 1914. A expressão também designa o clima intelectual e artístico do período em questão. Foi marcada por profundas transformações culturais que se traduziram em novos modos de pensar e viver o cotidiano.
É considerada uma era de ouro da beleza, inovação e paz entre os países europeus. Enquanto novas invenções tornavam a vida mais fácil em todos os níveis sociais, a cena cultural estava em efervescência: cabarés, o cancan e o cinema haviam nascido, a arte tomava novas formas com o Impressionismo e a Art Nouveau. A Belle Époque foi representada por uma cultura urbana de divertimento, incentivada pelo desenvolvimento dos meios de comunicação e transporte, os quais aproximaram ainda mais as principais cidades do planeta.
Seu início praticamente coincide com a instauração da Terceira República Francesa (início 1870), um período caracterizado pelo otimismo, a paz regional e prosperidade econômica, além de inovações culturais, científicas e tecnológicas. No clima do período, especialmente em Paris, as artes floresceram. Muitas obras-primas da literatura, música, teatro e artes visuais ganharam reconhecimento. Foi nomeada, em retrospecto, quando começou a ser considerada uma "Idade de Ouro", em contraste com os horrores da Primeira Guerra Mundial.
Nos novos-ricos Estados Unidos, que emergiam do Pânico de 1873, a época comparável foi apelidada de Gilded Age. Na Grã-Bretanha, a Belle Époque coincidiu com a Era Vitoriana tardia e a Era Eduardiana. Na Alemanha, com os reinados dos cáiseres Guilherme I, Frederico III e Guilherme II, na Rússia com os reinados dos czares Alexandre III e Nicolau II, na Itália com os reinados dos reis Vítor Emanuel II, Humberto I e o início do reinado de Vítor Emanuel III, no México com o período conhecido como Porfiriato. Na Europa, os antigos Império Austro-Húngaro e Império Otomano, com capitais em Viena e Constantinopla respectivamente, ainda eram considerados grandes potências, apesar de ambos terem sidos desmantelados após a Primeira Guerra Mundial. Política europeia viu muito poucas mudanças de regime, a principal excepção é Portugal, que experimentou uma revolução republicana em 1910. Na Ásia, o Japão, que passava pelo período chamado Era Meiji rapidamente se modernizava e industrializava e começava a rivalizar as potências européias. O Brasil vivia os anos finais do Império e os primeiros anos da República.
Inovações tecnológicas como o telefone, o telégrafo sem fio, o cinema, a bicicleta, o automóvel, o avião, inspiravam novas percepções da realidade. Com seus cafés-concertos, balés, óperas, livrarias, teatros, boulevards e alta costura. Paris, a Cidade Luz, era considerada o centro produtor e exportador da cultura mundial. A cultura boêmia imortalizada nas páginas do romance de Henri Murger, Scènes de la vie de bohème (1848), era um referencial de vida para os intelectuais brasileiros, leitores ávidos de Baudelaire, Rimbaud, Verlaine, Zola, Anatole France e Balzac. Ir a Paris ao menos uma vez por ano era quase uma obrigação entre as elites, pois garantia o vínculo com a atualidade do mundo.
Ocorreram ainda várias mudanças no mundo da arte na Europa, fazendo com que teatros, exposições de telas, cinemas, entrassem no cotidiano dos burgueses. E apenas eles tinham acesso a este mundo da arte. A Belle Époque americana é, no entanto, instalada rapidamente no país, por meio de uma breve industrialização que começa em meados de 1875, e depois ainda sobrevive até 1930, sendo aos poucos minada por novos movimentos agrícolas.
O estilo chamado art nouveau ("arte nova" em português) foi típico da Belle Époque. Esta corrente artística surgiu nos finais do século XIX, em reacção ao emprego abusivo na arte de motivos clássicos ou tradicionais. Em vez de se basear nos sólidos modernos da arte clássica, a art nouveau valorizava os ornamentos, as cores vivas e as curvas sinuosas baseadas nas formas elegantes das plantas dos animais e das mulheres. É uma arte essencialmente decorativa sendo as principais obras desse estilo fachadas de edifícios, objetos de decoração (móveis, portões, vasos), jóias, vitrais e azulejos. Um dos pintores mais conhecido da Arte Nova é Alfonse Mucha.
Tendo surgido, acredita-se, de uma série de influências na arte, também na literatura, considera-se que entre os seus precursores estão William Morris e o movimento Arts and Crafts, o movimento Pré-Rafaelita, o Historicismo do Romantismo do Barroco, do Revivalismo Gótico e Celta, William Blake e Walter Crane, as gravuras Japonesas , Oscar Wilde, o ideal wagneriano de Gesamtkunstwerk, de Aubrey Beardsley, a poesia simbolista de Mallarmé e das pinturas de Toulouse-Lautrec, Munch, Whistler, Nabis e Seurat.
Em literatura, considera-se que um dos principais precursores do estilo Art Nouveau Revivalismo Celta, especialmente na Inglaterra, Escócia, Irlanda e Escandinávia, o qual teria dado, voltando-se para as "épocas áureas" de cada país. Apesar dos motivos medievais de cavalaria usados por esta tendência literária, que contribui para a Art Nouveau em outros gêneros artísticos, havia nesta escola um desejo da libertação do antigo e uma certa procura do novo, que refletiu-se em movimentos como o Novo Paganismo ou o Novo Hedonismo enquanto que O retrato de Dorian Gray de Oscar Wilde "caracterizava-se pela Nova Voluptuosidade".
No fim do século XIX o êxodo rural, o desenvolvimento das comunicações e a eletricidade, aliadas ao crescimento urbano propiciaram o surgimento da cultura do divertimento, que ganhou status social na burguesia por meio dos cabarés, onde era possível encontrar a fusão dos elementos da cultura erudita com os elementos das classes baixas.
A indústria do divertimento (parque de diversão e cinema) foi possível devido ao desenvolvimento da eletricidade e a diminuição da jornada de trabalho, fazendo com que os operários tivessem mais horas livres para o lazer. Os parques e os cinemas transformaram-se em entretenimento de massa, por ter ingressos baratos e provocarem um desprendimento momentâneo da realidade cotidiana das pessoas.

Flores (Flowers) - Angelina Drumaux

                                                           
Flores (Flowers) - Angelina Drumaux
Coleção privada
OST - 92x65

Pintura de Rosas (Peinture de Roses) - Angelina Drumaux

                                                 

Pintura de Rosas (Peinture de Roses) - Angelina Drumaux
Coleção privada
OST - 56x46

Buquê de Primavera (Bouquet Printemps) - Angelina Drumaux

                                               
Buquê de Primavera (Bouquet Printemps) - Angelina Drumaux
Coleção privada
OST - 50x70 -1933