Máquina Eletromecânica "Enigma" / "Heimsoeth und Rinke", 1942, Segunda Guerra Mundial, AlemanhaFotografia
Four-rotor ("M4") Kriegsmarine Enigma cipher
machine, serial number 5124/JLA/42, complete with Beta rotor (M3174),
3 aluminum rotors (IV, VI, & VII) with serial numbers (VI: M8423,
IV, VIII: M10138), and C reflector (M3174), each rotor with 26 positions
labeled with letters. Housed in the original oak case (13¾ x 11¼ x 6¼ in.),
with leather handle, case with hinged front panel stamped "Klappe
Schleissen" opening to reveal ebonite Steckerbrett [plug-board],
outside of case and inside of lid with matching metal plates reading "M
5124." Control panel with standard raised "QWERTZ" keyboard of
26 Bakelite keys in white on black backgrounds, lockable rotor cover, battery
compartment and 4V power socket and key, removable light panel with
letters A-Z lifting to reveal 26 light bulbs, Steckerbrett with 12
original patch cables (10 plugged into the Steckerbrett and 2 spares
stored in lid of case), lid with 10 spare bulbs, green contrast filter, spare
patch cables, original paper instruction label, (stamped serial 5124), and
stamped "Admiral Norwegen | Kommando der Marine Station Ostsee" above
the instruction label.
[WITH]: additional aluminum rotor (II: M5569) in
secondary oak storage case (5¼ x 10¼ x 5 in.), outside of case
and edge with matching metal plates reading "M8423," inside of
lid with the effaced stamp of "Kommando de Marine Station Ostee,"
and the additional stamp: "Marineoberkommando | In Norwegen |
Druckschriftenverwaltung," [AND] Original German telegraph key (D.R.P
Junker), and five facsimile user manuals.
A VERY FINE AND FULLY OPERATIONAL EXAMPLE OF THE FAMOUS
GERMAN FOUR-ROTOR ("M4") KRIEGSMARINE ENIGMA CIPHER MACHINE, WITH
PROVENANCE TRACING BACK TO OCCUPIED NORWAY. THE RAREST AND MOST DESIRABLE OF
ALL ENIGMAS, THE M4 WAS ONE OF THE HARDEST TO DECRYPT. VERY FEW M4 MACHINES
SURVIVED THE WAR, AND TO FIND ONE THAT IS COMPLETE, WITH TRACEABLE PROVENANCE,
STILL IN SUCH PRISTINE CONDITION, AND FULLY OPERATIONAL IS RARE INDEED.
The M4 Enigma machine was an electromechanical cipher
machine specifically developed for use by the U-boat division of the German
Navy (Kriegsmarine) for communication with the naval bases, where it played a
pivotal role in the Battle of the Atlantic. Admiral Karl Dönitz, the
commander of the U-boat fleet seriously doubted the security of the Enigma
after several unexplained losses, and had the secret M4 model developed
specifically for his fleet. The M4 was ready around May of 1941, and by
February of 1942 all M4 machines had been distributed with the new operating
procedures placed into effect.
The present example was one of 15 Enigma machines in
daily use at a communications bunker and headquarters for the Admiral
North Kuste at the Kriegsmarine base in Trondheim, Norway.
Following the occupation in 1940, this became the largest German naval base in
northern Europe, and the base housed the 13th U-Boat Flotilla, and some 55 U-boats.
Norway was an important strategic asset for Germany, as it facilitated access
to iron ore from Sweden, and to the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. Critical
information passed through the Trondheim communications bunker, such
as weather observations sent from U-boats in the north Atlantic, among
other things. The assorted serial numbers found on the aluminum rotors in the
present machine are a good indication of consistent wartime usage, as
German operators frequently swapped out rotors from other machines.
While the codebreakers at Bletchley had been reading
messages encrypted by the 3-Rotor machines for some time, the introduction of
the M4 caught them completely off-guard, shutting them completely out, and it
took them a full 9 months to catch up and solve the new code. Few Enigma
machines survived the War intact: the Germans destroyed them as they retreated,
and for decades after the war governments around the world kept close control
over Enigma technology (indeed two of Turing's wartime papers on cryptography
remained classified until 2012). So secure was the system believed to be that
some governments, unaware of the work of Bletchley Park, continued to use
Enigmas after 1945.
The M4 was a variation of the 3-rotor Enigma I machine
used by the Wehrmacht (German Army & Airforce). It accepted 3
standard rotors and a narrow fourth rotor in combination with a narrow
reflector. The two narrow components allowed all four rotors to fit into a
modified three-rotor Enigma chassis. It was issued with eight standard rotors,
the first five having wiring identical to the rotors issued with the
three-rotor Enigma-I. Two narrow fourth rotors, Beta and Gamma, were also
issued with each machine. With the fourth narrow rotor in the "A"
position, the M4 became functionally identical to and could communicate with
the three-rotor Enigmas used by other branches of the military. With its
stricter operating procedures and the ability to select from among 8 standard
rotors and two thin fourth rotors gave the M4 a much higher level of security,
foiling the Allies' previously successful decryption of the U-boat signals.
Compared with the more common 3-rotor Enigma, the M4 had many significant
differences beyond the added rotors. It had a different ring-setting mechanism on
the rotors, a lockable rotor cover to keep the wheel settings secret, a
removable lamp panel which allowed for the inclusion of a printer (Schreibmax),
and a power socket for an external power source. The M4 also had a removable
top, and two metal brackets that allowed the machines to be lifted out of the
compartments in the U-boat radio rooms.
M4 Enigma machines were produced in much smaller
quantities than the three-rotor Enigma I machines. In addition, multiple M4
Enigmas were deployed with each U-boat and support ship, and the majority of
these were lost when their boats were sunk in combat or scuttled by their crew
at the end of the war. Furthermore, German Enigma operators were under strict
orders not to allow the enemy to capture any Enigmas; this meant that many
Enigmas were stripped of their rotors and destroyed, with many thrown into
lakes or oceans to hide any remaining parts. THIS PRESENT MACHINE SURVIVED
FOLLOWING THE SURRENDER TO ALLIED FORCES BECAUSE GERMAN OPERATORS WERE
KEPT AS PRISONERS OF WAR IN A BARRACKS NEAR THE TRONDHEIM
BUNKER THROUGH 1947, WITH THE AIM OF TRAINING THE ALLIES TO OPERATE
GERMAN TECHNOLOGY, INCLUDING THE ENIGMA M4.
